Party
type |
Elite-based
parties
The old political class based on
ownership and earning classes
(until about 1918) |
Mass-based parties
Based on sharp conflict between the
classes
(from around 1918-1960) |
People's parties
following the break up of the old
political situation
(ca. 1960-1980) |
Professional
parties
(Parties made up of career
politicians) with the evolution of many new spheres, a tendency towards
a new political class
(from around 1980) |
|
Representational
concept |
"trustee"
without a mandate
(Holder of a free mandate making decisions based on his/her own convictions) |
Delegate
(An agent representing his/her electorate and following its instructions) |
Free representative
(Person of trust, without necessarily having to be elected) |
Out
of touch representative,
who attempts to compensate for this with a stronger sense of responsiveness
in the mood-driven democracy |
The
basic aims of the parties |
To
secure privileges through the use of power or abolition of privileges
through countervailing power |
Struggle
to implement alternative concepts of society |
The implementation of
fragmented political decisions |
The implementation of
fragmented political decisions |
Candidate
qualification |
Status
based on ownership and the ability to acquire wealth |
Ideologically based
program; charisma |
Skills
supposition limited to certain areas of politics |
Business
person benefiting from state risk insurance |
Membership
structures |
Faction parties; the beginnings
of a mass-based party only visible in the countervailing power parties (workers'
movement) |
Mobilized
mass-based parties; leadership controlled by party ranks |
Acclamation
of the leadership begins to repress control from the lower ranks;
control is transferred to state institutions and the media |
Responsiveness
in place of mandate for an increasing number of representatives for
protected periods; they are no longer under continual threat of
dissolution of parliament |
|
Electoral campaign |
Quite unimportant,
without the need for great effort and large funds |
Material
battles, labor intensive |
Material
battles carried out using media campaigning, labor and capital intensive |
Professional campaigns,
capital intensive, activists increasingly |
|
Financing |
Individual capital resources
and patronage by interested groups |
Membership
fees and donations |
State subsidies and
donations |
Expansion of state
financing in addition to offensive fundraising; increasing corruption in
awarding of public contracts |
|
Position vis-à-vis
the media |
Clique
contacts |
Political
agitation in communications networks belonging to the party and in the
media of feeder |
Penetration of
publicly-owned media |
Commercial
relationships to privately-owned media organizations and also to
publicly-owned media with growing deregulation |
