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Guatemala |
Historia e Guatemalёs e
kolonializimit dhe e shkatėrrimit tё kulturёs Maja nga
spanjollёt deri nё luftёn e pёrgjakshme, e cila vazhdon
edhe sot e kёsaj dite, pёrbёn sfondin e jetёs dhe veprimit tё
Rigoberte Menēu Tum. Teksti nё vazhdim ёshtё marrё nga nga
faqja e internetit e Bashkёsisё Protestante
Kishtare nё Mutershtat dhe pёrbёhet nga
kёto pjesё:
Tekste tjera:
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Guatemala
sot
Guatemala dikur
ishte e
pasur si
Peruja,
vend
pjellor
dhe i
civilizuar,
vendi i
fiseve Maja,
mjeshtёr
tё
astronomisё dhe matematikёs. Kalendari i tyre nё atё kohё (nё
shek.
XVI)
ishte
shumё mё
i saktё
se kalendari i njohur
nё
Evropё, ai
gregorian.
Fiset
Maja
ishin nё gjendje
tё
parashikonin edhe lёvizjen e
trupave
qiellorё
dhe
e dinin
se kur ishte koha e pёrshtatshme pёr
mbjellje
e korrje.
Edhe fiset
Maja,
njёsoj si
Inkasit
kishin
njё bujqёsi
tё zhvilluar,
ata nuk e njihnin
urinё,
derisa
erdhёn
spanjollёt
nё kёrkim tё floririt, tё cilёt i dёbuan
fiset
Maja
nga tokat
e tyre
dhe i
shndėrruan nė robёr.
Sot gjendja si nё Guatemalė, ashtu edhe nė Peru ėshtė e
mjerueshme.
Njerёzit
atje jetojnё mesatarisht
41
vjet,
njė nė ēdo pesė fёmijё
nuk
arrin ta
festojė ditёlindjen e
katёrt,
njė nė ēdo dhjetė
nuk
arrin
ditёlindjen e parё, ndėrsa vetёm
njė nė ēdo tre fёmijё
jeton deri nė 15 vjet.
Qeveria sot
pėrbėhet nga
pasardhёsit e spanjollёve,
tё cilёt pёrbёjnё vetёm
2,1% tё
popullsisė, por qė zotėrojnė rreth
70% tё tokёs pjellore
dhe
pёrbёjnё
udhёheqjen e ushtrisё.
70% e popullsisė edhe sot
ėshtė ndiane.
Ata jetojnё nё provincat veriore,
pėrgjatė
kufirit me Meksikёn.
Dёbimi i
indianёve nga vatrat e tyre vazhdon edhe sot e kёsaj dite.
Ata nuk kanė asnjė dokument qė tė dёshmojё pёr
pronėsinė e tokёs sё tyre. Pёr indianёt, toka ёshtё "tokё
mёmё",
e
cila
mund t'i ushqejė tė gjithė njerėzit mjaftueshėm.
Nё kёtё
tokё gjenden tё varrosur edhe
paraardhёsit e tyre.
Pёr kёtё arsye, dёbimi nga tokat e tyre, pёr indianёt nuk
ėshtė vetёm
katastrofё ekonomike...
Pёrpjekjet e indianёve pёr kthimin paqёsor tё tokave tё tyre u shuan
disa herё me masakra brutale.
Fuqia e ushtrisё u katёrfishua mes viteve
1973-1988
nėpėrmjet rekrutimit tё
detyrueshёm tё
tё
rinjve indianё,
tё cilėt detyroheshin
tė
dёbonin dhe shkatėrronin popullin e tyre,
tё akuzuar nga ushtria si
"komunistё tё udhёhequr
keq".
Pёr tё
fituar njё pёrshtypje tё vogёl se ēfarё
ёshtё
dёbimi dhe
shtypja
konkretisht,
do tё pёrpiqem
tė
pёrmbledh shkurtimisht
pёrvojat qё e kanё shtyrė
Rigoberta Menēunė
tё luftoj pavarėisht nga gjithēka:
Felipe
vdiq
nё
fermё, nё momentin kur aeroplani spёrkaste plantazhin e kafesё
ndėrsa punёtorёt punonin nё fushё.
Ai nuk
mundi t'i pёrballonte pesticidet.
Nikolasi
vdiq nga
uria nё moshёn
2
vjeēare,
gjithashtu nё fermё. Dikush i kishte dhuruar nёnёs sё Rigobertёs
njё
valixhe kartoni, me tё cilėn ajo e varrosi
fёmijёn.
Pёr
shkak tё varrimit ajo humbi ditёn e punёs. Pёr
kёtё arsye, mbikqyrёsi
e dёboi nga puna.
Atёherё
Rigoberta
ishte
tetё vjeē.
18 vjet mё vonё ushtarёt
rrėmbyen Petrocinion,
vёllanė
e saj
16
vjeēar,
aktivist
dhe
sekretar i fshatit,
e keqtrajtuan me ditё
tё tёra,
i prenё
pjesёt e trupit,
i ropėn
lёkurёn e kokёs dhe
tė shollės sė kėmbės, e
lyen me
benzinё
dhe e
dogjёn
pёr
sё gjalli para
syve tё
familjes sё tij. Tė atin e kishin
djegur
nё vitin
1979
me
rastin e djegies sё
ambasadёs spanjolle.
E ёma
u
arrestua
nё vitin
1980,
u keqtrajtua,
u
dhunua disa herё, u sakatos dhe
mё nё
fund
u
torturua deri nё vdekje...
Ekzistojnё
22 gjuhё tё ndryshme tё popullsisė indogjene.
Kjo
e bёn edhe
mё mahnitёse
punёn
e
organizatёs
sё themeluar nё vitin 1978
Comite
de Unidad Campesina (CUC). Shumica e indianёve nuk e flasin gjuhёn
spanjolle,
shumica nuk kanё qenё kurrё nё shkollё.
[Kreu
i faqes]
Counter Insurgency
dhe "politika e tokёs sё djegur"
Qё nga
pavarёsia
nё fillim tё
shek.
XIX kanė
ndodhur shpesh kryengritjet.
Nё vitin 1944 erdhi
nё pushtet
"Lёvizja
Revolucionare",
gjё qė shkaktoi alarm pёr pronarёt
e mёdhenj
tё
tokave dhe
pёr firmat e
Amerikёs sё Veriut (ndёr tё tjrash edhe pёr United Fruit Company).
Ardhjen
e Lёvizjes
Revolucionare
nё
pushtet, ato
e panё
si dёmtim
tё interesave tё tyre.
Pёr kёtё arsye, ato bashkё me
CIA-n,
ndėrhynė nё Guatemalё dhe sollёn nё pushtet nё vitin
1954
diktaturёn ushtarake, tё udhёhequr nga
gjenerali
Kastilo Armasom.
Qё nga kjo kohё, Guatemala udhёhiqet nga ushtria.
Kryetari
i zgjedhur nё vitin 1958 Idogoras
u rrёzua pёrsёri
nё vitin
1963.
Deri nё
vitin 1978, shtypja e trazirave
u
bazua
nё
"raprezalje selektive",
d.m.th. nё
zhdukjen e
individёve, kryesisht
tё udhёheqёsve
tё
organizatave popullore,
sindikatave,
etj.
Nёn diktaturёn
ushtarake
tё
Lukas
Garsisё
(1978-1982)
dhe
tё
Rios Montit
(1982-1983), me planin e pёrpunuar nё bashkёpunim me
CIA-n
Counter Insurgency
filloi
lufta e
hapur
kundёr popullsisė civile, e cila
hyri nё histori
si
"politika
e tokёs
sё djegur".
Me
vrasjet e shumta
dhe djegiet masive, keqtrajtimet e shёmtuara tё njerёzve dhe
shkatėrrimin
dhe
djegien
totale tё 440 fashtrave
indiane, ushtria
shkaktoi
njё valё
tё madhe shpёrnguljesh
tё
popullsisė
brenda vendit,
por edhe
nё
shtetet
fqinje
(kryesisht
nё Meksikё).
Tmerret
ishin tё
paimagjinueshme: gratė shtatzėna i qėllonin nė bark, kokat e fėmijėve i
ēanin me gurė...
"Rezultat"
i raprezaljeve ushtarake tё viteve 1978-1986: 150 000
tё vrarё, 46 000 tё zhdukur, 300 000
fёmijё jetimė, shifra kёto, tё cilat,
thёnё me kujdes, janё shumё tё larta edhe pёr rrethanat
amerikano-latine. Nё Counter
Insurgency bёn pjesё edhe ngritja e tё
ashtuquajturave "fshatra model",
nё tё cilat, indianёt jetojnё nё njё lloj
rrethi sigurimi, tё rrethuar
me tela, tё kontrolluar dhe tё ruajtur nga ushtria.
[Kreu
i faqes]
Rruga drejt
paqes
Pėr
shkak tė presionit tė madh
kombёtar dhe ndёrkombёtar, ushtria u
detyrua tё bėnte tė mundur nё vitin
1986
"kalimin
nё demokraci".
Nё kёtё mёnyrё u bė e mundur edhe ardhja nё pushtet
pёr herё tё parё
qё nga viti 1963
e
njё presidenti civil.
Megjithatё,
kjo nuk solli ndonjė ndryshim tė madh nё
politikёn e atyre qё mbanin vёrtet pushtetin. Para
dorёheqjes, qeveria ushtarake u dha amnistinė tė
gjithė shkelėsve tė tė
drejtave tё njeriut, tё ushtruara gjatё kohёs sё
qeverisjes sё saj (1983-1986). Shtetit civil qё ka drejtuar pas tyre,
i ёshtё
dashur qё tё pёrballet me to, kurse rezultati ёshtё
qё deri tani nuk ka
pasur asnjė veprim civil tё kundёrt, qё do sanksiononte vrasjet e mёtejshme,
kёshtu qё vrasёsit as tani nuk kanė
frikė se mund tė dėnohen pёr vrasje.
Qeveritё vijuese civile, deri mё sot nuk kanё
ndjekur penalisht asnjё rast, gjё qё praktikisht sanksionon
qё nё fillim vrasje tė tjera, sepse pėr
vrasėsit nuk parashikohet asnjė lloj dėnimi.
Pavarėsisht nga kjo, indianёt,
pjesёrisht edhe latinёt e varfёr, janё organizuar dhe iu
janё kundёrvёnё me
shumё viktima pronarёve tё mёdhenj tё tokave, tё ndihmuar nga jashtё,
kapitalit shumėkombėsh dhe ushtrisё sё armatosur rёndё.
Qё nga viti 1993 qeveria ka nёnshkruar
disa rezoluta dhe marrёveshje. Qё nga kjo kohё, me
ndihmёn e OKB-sё dhe organizatave tё tjera tё refugjatёve, janё kthyer nga
emigrimi (shumica nga Meksika) rreth 20.000 refugjatё.
Nё vendlindje, refugjatёt i presin hapёsira
tё shpyllёzuara nё vendet ku mё parё ndodhej pyje
tė paprekura. Kёsaj i shtohet edhe rreziku nga tё ashtuquajturat "patrullat
civile", tё pёrbёra nga njerёz tё armatosur, tё
rekrutuar me dhunё gjatё viteve pёr tė terrorizuar popullsinė indiane.
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|
Guatemala...
...quhet
pёr shkak tё klimёs sё butё "vend i
pranverёs sё pёrhershme". Vendi i
tretё pёr nga sipёrfaqja nё Amerikёn Qendrore kufizohet me
Meksikёn, Belize, Hondurasin
dhe El Salvadorin.
Emri zyrtar:
Republika e Guatemalёs
Kryeqytet:
Guatemala
Sipёrfaqja:
108.889 km2
Popullsia:
rreth 10 milionё (prej
tyre 50% indianё Maja)
Gjuhё zyrtare:
gj. spanjolle
Pёrk. fetare:
romano-katolik
Analfabetё:
rreth 40% |
[Kreu
i faqes]
|
The Maya were the most advanced urban
civilization in the pre-Columbian Americas. They invented the
concept of "zero" centuries before it was
independently formulated in India, and measured the solar year with an error of only 17.28 seconds. Having flourished for
two
millennia in an area of 3,255,000 sq.km, they were first invaded
by Spain in 1527, but put up such fierce resistance that the
capital of their last kingdom to fall, Itza at Nojpeten, was not
captured until 1697. Had the Maya not been decimated by European
diseases such as chicken pox and measles, some historians
believe the Spanish conquest might have ended in total defeat.
According to Roderick Conway Morris, "One of the greatest
crimes perpetrated against the Maya was the destruction of their
thousands of books, spearheaded by the Franciscans, who - while
preaching harmony and brotherly love - presided over a
scorched-earth policy, backed up by the threat of the physical
extinction of any who dared to resist it. So complete was the
friars' success that only four books in Maya script survived."
More recently, the Guatemalan civil war
began when the CIA toppled the democratically-elected government
in 1954. The US-backed right-wing military juntas which followed
have had one of the worst records of political repression, human
rights abuses, and atrocities in recorded history. After
opposition groups began organizing among Indians in the
countryside, the military responded with death squads and a
scorched-earth "counterinsurgency" strategy that
destroyed over four hundred ancient Mayan villages, displaced
one million people, and left a hundred thousand unarmed Indians
dead. Hundreds of mass graves across the country contain the
remains of massacred civilians.
[Global
Vision, www.global-vision.org/interview/menchu.html] |
[Kreu
i faqes]
|
Report from Amnesty
International 1996 concerning Guatemala (Excerpts)
A Pattern of Systematic Human Rights
Violations
Amnesty International continues to document
a disturbing pattern of human rights violations in Guatemala.
Extra-judicial executions, disappearances, torture, death threats,
harassment and intimidation persist. The violations have been
directed at many sectors of society including: trade unions and
popular organizations, human rights defenders, journalists,
students, religious personnel, those attempting to investigate
past human rights violations, witnesses, former refugees and
displaced people returning to their lands and street children.
Of particular concern is the alarming level of threats and
attacks that have been reported against human rights defenders
during the year. Some have been the subject of verbal or written
death threats as a result of their work. Others have been
attacked and killed.
The perpetrators of these human rights
violations are mainly the police and military and army-created
civil patrols. In addition and citing the rise in urban crime,
the government reportedly promoted the creation of new civilian
self-defense squads to be armed and trained by the military.
Both these and other new vigilante-style groups, also apparently
working with official complicity, have allegedly engaged in
social cleansing, killing members of youth gangs and others
involved in petty crime. These new death squads have also been
implicated in human rights violations against those perceived as
being opponents of the government, reportedly disguising the
attacks as common crimes to escape official accountability.
There has been little progress in
clarifying the tens of thousands of past abuses. Those
responsible for human rights violations continue to benefit from
almost total impunity. In August, the United Nations (UN)
Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities expressed deep concern at the impunity enjoyed by the
perpetrators of human rights violations and at the inability of
the judicial system to bring intellectual and material
perpetrators of such acts before the courts. The Subcommission,
reflecting reports and statements by MINUGUA, the United Nations
Mission in Guatemala and Mónica Pinto, the UN Special Expert,
found that the majority of the violations breached the rights to
life, integrity and personal security, and that state agents
were either directly implicated or had failed in their duties to
assure these rights to its citizens.
To date, none of those responsible for the
deaths of thousands of people during the late l970s and early
l980s at the height of the army's counter-insurgency campaign,
have been brought to justice. During 1995, independent forensic
groups undertook further exhumations at sites where large-scale
extra-judicial executions had been reported during this period.
Several hundred remains were uncovered, but Amnesty
International knew of no case where official bodies undertook
investigations to determine how the victims died nor who was
responsible. Instead, family members, witnesses and human rights
defenders involved in the exhumations were themselves threatened
and harassed. |
[Kreu
i faqes]
|
Nё 5
tetor
tё vitit 1995,
26 ushtarё qėlluan
nё
fshatin Xaman nё Alta Verapaz mbi 200 refugjatё qё ktheheshin nga
emigracioni dhe
vranё
11 prej tyre,
ndёrsa
plagosёn
30. Nё
shkurt tё vitit 1996,
policёt dёbuan
disa qindra
fshatarё tё
San Lukas Tolimanit,
nё rrethin
Solola
dhe plagosёn rёndё
tre
prej tyre.
25
tё tjerё
akoma
konsiderohen si
tё
"zhdukur".
Pothuajse asnjėri prej tyre nuk kėrcėnohet nga ndonjė dėnim, madje as nė
rastet kur keqbėrėsit dihen.
Mё 29
dhjetor
1996
u
nёnshkrua
marrёveshja
paqёsore midis qeverisё (kryetarit Arzu) dhe komiteteve tё organizatave tё
ndryshme tё armatosura dhe tё paarmatosura tё URNG (Unidad Revolutionaria
Nacional Guatemalteca). Nёnshkrimi i kёsaj marrёveshjeje
solli
nё fuqi
marrёveshje tё tjera tё pjesёrishme mbi:
 | rivendosjen e
refugjatёve, |
 | ngritjen e njё "komisioni
tё sё vёrtetёs", |
 | identitetin dhe tё drejtat e
popujve indogjenė, |
 | aspektet socio-ekonomike dhe
ēёshtjen agrare. |
Pjesё
e marrёveshjes pёr paqe
ёshtё edhe detyrimi pёr dorёzimin e armёve brenda
2 muajve nga ana e organizatave tё ndryshme guerile dhe kalimi i
pjesёtarёve tё tyre nё njё parti legale, "Partinё
e Bashkuar Revolucionare" PRU. Rrjedha e mёtejshme:
Mё 18 dhjetor 1996, pak
para nёnshkrimit tё marrёveshjes pёr paqe, parlamenti i
Guatemalёs aprovoi pёrsёri amnestinё tё gjitha krimet e
shkaktuara "gjatё konfliktit".
Fjala proces paqёsor nё gjuhёn Maja do
tё thotё "bashkohuni, por gjithmonё me gёzim tё madh".
Me kёtё, indianёt bёjnё tё qartё se kёtu bёhet
fjalė pёr njё qёndrim jetёsor, jo pёr tregti.
[Nxjerrё nga: http://members.aol.com/PfrJung/guatema.htm,
Prot. Kirchengemeinde Mutterstadt]
[Kreu
i faqes]
|